#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
	string s1("123456789");
	string s2(s1, 3);
	string s3(10, 'x');
	string s4("123456789", 2);
	string s5(s1, 4, 3);

	cout << s1 << endl;
	cout << s2 << endl;
	cout << s3 << endl;
	cout << s4 << endl;
	cout << s5 << endl;

	for (int i = 0; i < s1.size(); i++)
	{
		s1[i]--;
	}
	cout << s1 << endl;

	return 0;
}